光伏，是推動(dòng)能源結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色轉(zhuǎn)型的重要產(chǎn)品。當(dāng)前，美國一方面高筑保護(hù)主義院墻，采取多重貿(mào)易限制手段，層層加碼設(shè)置光伏關(guān)稅壁壘；另一方面通過《通脹削減法》和《基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資與就業(yè)法》等法案，實(shí)施排他性、歧視性的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，向其本土光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)提供大規(guī)模涉嫌違反多邊規(guī)則的補(bǔ)貼，嚴(yán)重扭曲全球光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應(yīng)鏈的市場化運(yùn)行，破壞全球共同應(yīng)對氣候變化等領(lǐng)域的國際合作。

一、美國《通脹削減法》為光伏制造和裝機(jī)提供巨額補(bǔ)貼

美國于2022年出臺的《通脹削減法》，提供高達(dá)3690億美元補(bǔ)貼，以扶持包括本土光伏產(chǎn)品在內(nèi)的清潔能源產(chǎn)業(yè)投資和生產(chǎn)，以圖重構(gòu)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應(yīng)鏈。

（一）在光伏產(chǎn)品制造方面，美國聯(lián)邦政府根據(jù)投資額或者產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)品的規(guī)格，向光伏企業(yè)提供稅收抵免補(bǔ)貼。投資稅收抵免總額度高達(dá)100億美元，涵蓋光伏等清潔能源制造業(yè)項(xiàng)目，抵免比例最高可達(dá)項(xiàng)目投資額的30%。生產(chǎn)稅收抵免涵蓋光伏原材料、電池片、組件和相關(guān)配套產(chǎn)品，具體抵免標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見表1：

得益于美國政府對光伏制造業(yè)的巨額補(bǔ)貼，本土企業(yè)甚至能在一邊營收虧損的情況下，一邊不斷擴(kuò)大美國本土制造業(yè)務(wù)。以美國第一太陽能公司（First Solar）為例，根據(jù)其2023年財(cái)報(bào)，該公司全年實(shí)現(xiàn)8.31億美元凈利潤，其中約有6.597億美元來自補(bǔ)貼（Government grants receivable），占比達(dá)到了79.39%，而2021年和2022年都無該項(xiàng)收益。2024年一季度，該公司財(cái)報(bào)實(shí)現(xiàn)凈利潤2.367億美元，其中政府補(bǔ)貼2.82億美元，即扣除政府補(bǔ)貼后，第一太陽能公司2024年第一季度凈虧損4527萬美元。這一扭虧為盈的巨大變化完全得益于美國政府對光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的巨額補(bǔ)貼和稅收抵免支持。與此同時(shí)，該公司宣布計(jì)劃擴(kuò)建其在俄亥俄州的光伏組件工廠，并在阿拉巴馬州和路易斯安那州各新建一座光伏組件廠，總投資額高達(dá) 24 億美元，計(jì)劃將現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)能擴(kuò)大4倍以上。

除組件企業(yè)外，美國光伏原材料和配件企業(yè)也獲得了大量補(bǔ)貼。根據(jù)美國能源部近期發(fā)布的信息，美國國稅局已為在35個(gè)州開發(fā)的100多個(gè)項(xiàng)目分配了約40億美元的稅收抵免。其中已披露的光伏項(xiàng)目包括：Highland Materials公司獲得2.556億美元，用于在田納西州生產(chǎn)太陽能級多晶硅；Solar Cycle公司獲得6400萬美元，用于在佐治亞州生產(chǎn)太陽能玻璃。

此外，為配合《通脹削減法》生產(chǎn)稅收抵免政策的實(shí)施，美國能源部貸款項(xiàng)目辦公室向本土晶體硅光伏制造商Qcells提供14.5億美元貸款擔(dān)保，支持其在佐治亞州卡特斯維爾的光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈項(xiàng)目。該項(xiàng)目建成后將生產(chǎn)硅錠、硅片、電池片和成品光伏電池組件，并將成為美國有史以來最大的硅錠和硅片廠，補(bǔ)充美國本土光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中的關(guān)鍵缺口。

（二）在光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目方面，美國《通脹削減法》對本土光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目主要提供四類稅收抵免政策，具體見表2。值得注意的是，這四類補(bǔ)貼政策中，如果項(xiàng)目滿足“國內(nèi)含量”要求，均將獲得額外的稅收抵免額度?！皣鴥?nèi)含量”是指項(xiàng)目使用了一定比例的在美國開采、生產(chǎn)或制造的鋼、鐵或制成品，涉嫌違反世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則下的“國民待遇”義務(wù)。

（三）戶用光伏應(yīng)用方面，2023年6月28日，拜登政府宣布了“人人享有太陽能”（Solar for All）計(jì)劃，這是《通脹削減法》中總計(jì)270億美元的“溫室氣體減排基金”的重要組成部分。該計(jì)劃旨在提供70億美元撥款，用于補(bǔ)貼住宅屋頂和社區(qū)分布式太陽能項(xiàng)目，以降低安裝和使用太陽能的成本。

二、美國對光伏技術(shù)研發(fā)提供大量撥款補(bǔ)貼

美國能源部太陽能技術(shù)辦公室（Solar Energy Technologies Office，SETO）每年設(shè)立資助計(jì)劃，為光伏研發(fā)和示范項(xiàng)目提供直接資助，資金來源為能源部和《基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資與就業(yè)法》。2024年5月16日，美國能源部宣布投資7100萬美元，其中包括來自《基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資與就業(yè)法》的1600萬美元，用于資助“晶硅光伏制造和兩用光伏技術(shù)孵化器資助計(jì)劃”（2700萬美元）和“推進(jìn)美國薄膜太陽能光伏技術(shù)資助計(jì)劃”（4400萬美元），解決國內(nèi)光伏供應(yīng)鏈制造能力的差距。

（一）光伏研發(fā)和示范項(xiàng)目資助

根據(jù)美國能源部太陽能技術(shù)辦公室發(fā)布的信息，2022年至今，該機(jī)構(gòu)在執(zhí)行的光伏研發(fā)和示范項(xiàng)目資助計(jì)劃共有19項(xiàng)，共計(jì)6.156億美元。具體見表3：

（二）晶硅光伏制造和兩用光伏技術(shù)孵化器資助計(jì)劃

晶硅光伏制造和兩用光伏技術(shù)孵化器資助計(jì)劃（表3第3項(xiàng)）額度為2700萬美元，為開發(fā)下一代太陽能技術(shù)的項(xiàng)目提供支持。2024年5月16日，美國能源部太陽能技術(shù)辦公室公布了10個(gè)入選項(xiàng)目。具體見表4：

（三）推進(jìn)美國薄膜太陽能光伏發(fā)電資助計(jì)劃

推進(jìn)美國薄膜太陽能光伏技術(shù)資助計(jì)劃（表3第4項(xiàng)），為本土薄膜光伏技術(shù)的研究、開發(fā)和示范項(xiàng)目撥款4400萬美元。美國能源部太陽能技術(shù)辦公室于2024年5月16日公布了資助結(jié)果。具體見表5：

三、美國對光伏行業(yè)的地方補(bǔ)貼措施種類多、數(shù)量眾

美國各州和地方層面也出臺了眾多補(bǔ)貼措施以支持光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。DSIRE數(shù)據(jù)庫收錄了美國各州層面的針對光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)及其技術(shù)發(fā)展的財(cái)政激勵(lì)措施共計(jì)419項(xiàng)，包括：返利計(jì)劃（87項(xiàng)）、優(yōu)惠貸款（76項(xiàng)）、財(cái)產(chǎn)稅優(yōu)惠（72項(xiàng)）、清潔能源融資計(jì)劃（35項(xiàng)）、銷售稅優(yōu)惠（34項(xiàng)）和贈款計(jì)劃（29項(xiàng)）等。各州相比，最多的科羅拉多州有26項(xiàng)財(cái)政激勵(lì)政策，德克薩斯州為25項(xiàng)，加利福尼亞州為18項(xiàng)。

以科羅拉多州為例，科羅拉多州阿斯彭市的返利計(jì)劃，為商業(yè)和住宅光伏發(fā)電提供激勵(lì)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為前6千瓦補(bǔ)貼200美元/千瓦，此后按100美元/千瓦補(bǔ)貼，上限為3400美元或25千瓦?？屏_拉多州能源智能能效返利計(jì)劃還對太陽能光伏系統(tǒng)提供項(xiàng)目成本的25%（最高2500美元）的補(bǔ)貼。

在優(yōu)惠融資方面，科羅拉多州制定了一項(xiàng)全州范圍的PACE（Property Assessed Clean Energy，即清潔能源分期）計(jì)劃，允許商業(yè)業(yè)主為節(jié)能和可再生能源項(xiàng)目的前期費(fèi)用，申請100%的融資額，業(yè)主可有最長20年的融資期限?？屏_拉多州清潔能源基金的住宅能源升級貸款計(jì)劃為住宅安裝太陽能光伏設(shè)施提供無首付低利率最高7.5萬美元最長20年的貸款。

在財(cái)產(chǎn)稅優(yōu)惠政策方面，科羅拉多州自2006年7月1日起，免除了用于可再生能源發(fā)電的所有組件銷售、儲存和使用的州銷售和使用稅。對于住宅而言，由住宅業(yè)主擁有并生產(chǎn)供住宅財(cái)產(chǎn)使用的能源的可再生能源個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)免征科羅拉多州財(cái)產(chǎn)稅。

在直接贈款方面，科羅拉多州的博爾德市通過太陽能補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃提供根據(jù)系統(tǒng)容量每瓦1美元的資助，最高上限為8000美元或總成本的50%。

四、美國光伏補(bǔ)貼政策充分體現(xiàn)“雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，并將導(dǎo)致“產(chǎn)能過剩”

近期，美國頻繁指責(zé)中國新能源行業(yè)存在大量補(bǔ)貼，同時(shí)，自己卻通過實(shí)施排他性、歧視性的補(bǔ)貼政策，大肆擴(kuò)張自身產(chǎn)能，是典型的“雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”行徑，并且將導(dǎo)致美國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)出現(xiàn)“產(chǎn)能過?！?，沖擊全球光伏行業(yè)的健康發(fā)展?！锻浵鳒p法》實(shí)施后，美國計(jì)劃建設(shè)的光伏產(chǎn)能大幅增長。根據(jù)美國太陽能產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會（SEIA）統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至2023年10月，美國本土有25條組件生產(chǎn)線和2家多晶硅供應(yīng)商、9家逆變器供應(yīng)商、2家光伏玻璃供應(yīng)商、1家背板供應(yīng)商；共有運(yùn)營中組件產(chǎn)能13GW，多晶硅4萬噸；正在建設(shè)中的有19.4GW的組件產(chǎn)能和各3.3GW的電池、硅片、鑄錠產(chǎn)能；已宣布計(jì)劃設(shè)廠的另有45GW的電池產(chǎn)能、80GW的組件產(chǎn)能、14GW的鑄錠產(chǎn)能和27GW的硅片產(chǎn)能。據(jù)美國咨詢公司伍德麥肯茲統(tǒng)計(jì)，根據(jù)目前已公布的規(guī)劃，2026年美國光伏組件產(chǎn)能將超過120GW，是屆時(shí)本土光伏裝機(jī)需求的3倍。

以《通脹削減法》為代表的美國光伏補(bǔ)貼政策，罔顧多邊經(jīng)貿(mào)規(guī)則，將使用美國國內(nèi)商品而非進(jìn)口商品作為補(bǔ)貼獲得條件，是赤裸裸的違背“國民待遇”義務(wù)的歧視性政策。中國已于2024年3月26日將美國《通脹削減法》中的相關(guān)補(bǔ)貼政策訴至世界貿(mào)易組織。與美國磋商無果后，中國于7月15日申請世貿(mào)組織就審理該案成立專家組。無論如何包裝美化，都無法改變美國光伏補(bǔ)貼政策的歧視性、違規(guī)性和保護(hù)主義本質(zhì)。

Huge Illegal Subsidies on U.S. Solar Industries Distort Global PV Market

Solar photovoltaic (PV) products are crucial for the adjustment of energy structure and the green transformation of industries. Currently, the United States has built high walls of protectionism by imposing multiple trade restrictions and continuously increasing tariff barriers on imported PV products. On the other hand, it implemented exclusive and discriminatory industrial policies through legislation such as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), and subsidized its own PV industry in a large scale which violated the multilateral trade rules and severely distorted the market operations of the global supply chain of PV industry and impeded international cooperation in areas such as climate change.

I.The U.S. Inflation Reduction Act provides unprecedented subsidies for PV manufacturing and installation

The Inflation Reduction Act, introduced in 2022, offers subsidies of an unprecedented $369 billion to support investments and production in the clean energy sector, including domestic photovoltaic products, aiming to reconstruct the PV industry chain.

i.In terms of PV manufacturing, the U.S. federal government provides tax credits to PV companies based on their investment amount or product specifications, which amount to $10 billion, covering projects in the clean energy manufacturing sector, including PV, with credit rates reaching up to 30% of the investment. Photovoltaic raw materials, cells, modules, and supporting products are all eligible for tax credits, with specific standards listed in Table 1.

Benefiting from substantial government subsidies, American PV companies are able to continuously expand their manufacturing in the country while facing revenue losses. Take First Solar as an example. According to its 2023 financial report, the company achieved a net profit of $830.777 million, with approximately $659.745 million labeled as government grants receivable, accounting for 79.39% of its profit. This part of income did not exist in 2021 and 2022. In the first quarter of 2024, the company reported a net profit of $236.616 million, with government grant amounting to $281.889 million. Without the subsidies, First Solar would have incurred a net loss of $45.27 million during that period. This significant turnaround was entirely due to the huge amount of government subsidies and tax credit. Meanwhile, the company announced plans to expand its PV module factory in Ohio and to build new factories in Alabama and Louisiana with $2.4 billion of investment, aiming to quadruple its current capacity.

In addition to module manufacturers, companies of raw material and accessories in the industry have also received plenty of subsidies. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the Internal Revenue Service has allocated approximately $4 billion in tax credits for more than 100 projects developed in 35 states. Among the voluntarily disclosed PV projects were Highland Materials, which received $255.6 million for producing solar-grade polysilicon in Tennessee, and SolarCycle, which received $64 million for producing solar glass in Georgia.

Additionally, to support the implementation of the production tax credit policy under the IRA, the U.S. Department of Energy"s Loan Programs Office has provided a $1.45 billion loan guarantee to domestic crystalline silicon photovoltaic manufacturer Qcells, which supports its PV industry chain project in Cartersville, Georgia. Once completed, the project will produce silicon ingots, wafers, cells, and finished PV modules, making it the largest silicon ingot and wafer plant in the country, addressing a critical gap in its domestic PV supply chain.

ii. For PV power generation, the Inflation Reduction Act provides four main types of tax credits for domestic projects, as illustrated in Table 2. Notably, for each of these four subsidy policies, projects that meet the requirements in domestic content will receive an additional tax credit. Domestic content refers to using a certain proportion of steel, iron, or manufactured goods, mined, produced, or manufactured in the United States, which may violate the WTO’s national treatment principle.

iii. For residential PV applications, on June 28, 2023, the Biden administration announced the Solar for All initiative, which is a key component of the $27 billion Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund under the IRA. This initiative provides $7 billion for residential rooftop and community distributed solar projects, reducing the cost of PV installation and usage.

II.The U.S. provides substantial grants and subsidies for the research and development of photovoltaic technologies

The U.S. Department of Energy"s Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) establishes annual funding programs to provide direct support for PV research and development, and demonstration projects, funded by the Department of Energy and the IIJA. On May 16, 2024, the Department of Energy announced a $71 million investment, including $16 million from the IIJA, to fund the The Silicon Solar Manufacturing and Dual-Use Photovoltaics Incubator Program ($27 million) and the Advancing U.S. Thin-Film Solar Photovoltaics Funding Program ($44 million), aiming to close gaps in PV supply chain manufacturing capabilities.

i.Funding for PV R&D and Demonstration Projects

According to SETO of the U.S. Department of Energy, since 2022, 19 PV research and development, and demonstration project funding programs have been implemented, totaling $615.6 million, with details listed in Table 3.

ii.Silicon Solar Manufacturing and Dual-Use Photovoltaics Incubator

The Silicon Solar Manufacturing and Dual-Use Photovoltaics Incubator Program (No. 3 in Table 3) deploys $27 million to support the development of the next-generation solar technologies. On May 16, 2024, SETO announced 10 selected projects as listed in Table 4:

iii. Advancing the U.S. Thin-Film Solar Photovoltaics Funding Program

The Advancing U.S. Thin-Film Solar Photovoltaics Funding Program (No. 4 in Table 3) has allocated $44 million for local research, development, and demonstration projects on two major thin-film photovoltaic technologies. The U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Office announced the funding results on May 16, 2024. See Table 5 for the details.

III.Numerous local subsidies for the U.S solar industry

State and local governments in the U.S. have also launched numerous subsidies for the solar industry. The DSIRE database records 419 state-level fiscal incentives for the industry and its technological advancement, including rebate programs (87), loan programs (76), property tax incentives (72), PACE financing programs (35), sales tax incentives (34), and grant programs (29). Among all, Colorado enjoys the most financial incentive policies with 26, followed by Texas with 25, and California with 18.

In Colorado, the City of Aspen Rebate Program offers incentives for commercial and residential solar PV installations. The rebate is $200/kW for the first 6 kilowatts and $100/kW thereafter, with a maximum of $3,400 or 25 kilowatts. The Roaring Fork Valley Energy Smart Colorado Energy Efficiency Rebate Program provides a rebate of 25% of the project cost for solar PV systems, up to $2,500.

In terms of favorable financing, Colorado has implemented a statewide Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) program that allows commercial property owners to finance 100% of the upfront costs for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, with financing terms up to 20 years. The Colorado Clean Energy Fund"s Residential Energy Upgrade (RENU) Loan Program offers no-money-down, low-interest loans up to $75,000 for up to 20 years for residential solar PV installations.

Regarding property tax incentives, since July 1, 2006, Colorado has exempted state sales and use tax for all components used to produce AC electricity from renewable energy. For residential properties, renewable energy personal property owned and used by residential property owners to produce energy for residential use is exempt from Colorado property tax.

As for direct grants, the city Boulder in Colorado provides funding through the Solar Grant Program, which offers $1/W, with a maximum of $8,000 or 50% of the total cost.

IV.The solar subsidy policies in the U.S. reflects double standards and will lead to overcapacity

In recent years, the U.S. has frequently accused China"s new energy sector of excessive subsidies. Simultaneously, it is aggressively expanding its solar capacity through exclusive and discriminatory subsidy policies, demonstrating typical double standards. These actions will lead to overcapacity in the U.S. and impact the healthy industry development worldwide. After the implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act, planned solar capacity in America has significantly increased. According to the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), as of October 2023, the U.S. has 25 module production lines, 2 polysilicon suppliers, 9 inverter suppliers, 2 photovoltaic glass suppliers, and 1 backsheet supplier. The operating capacity includes 13GW of modules and 40,000 tons of polysilicon. Under construction are 19.4GW of module capacity and 3.3GW each of cell, wafer, and ingot capacity. Additionally, there are announced plans for 45GW of cell capacity, 80GW of module capacity, 14GW of ingot capacity, and 27GW of wafer capacity. According to Wood Mackenzie, based on current plans, U.S. solar module capacity will exceed 120GW by 2026, three times of the domestic demand for solar installations at that time.

The U.S. solar subsidy policies, represented by the Inflation Reduction Act, disregard multilateral trade rules, making the use of domestic goods rather than imported goods a condition for obtaining subsidies. These discriminatory policies blatantly violate the U.S.’s national treatment obligation under the WTO rules. On March 26, 2024, China filed a complaint with the WTO regarding the relevant policies in the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act. After unsuccessful consultations with the U.S., China requested the WTO to establish a panel to review the case on July 15. Regardless of its camouflage, the subsidies demonstrate the clear essence of violation of rules,discrimination and protectionism of the U.S.solar subsidy policy.